The Walking Meeting

Ever heard of the walking meeting? It is a way of indulging in mild physical activity while at work. With physical inactivity being the 4th leading risk factor for global mortality according to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is imperative that we get as much physical activity as we can. Though, the WHO advocates for a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity for adults and 60 minutes for children daily. Starting with this light intensity activity for those who are sedentary may be a life saver. Some activity is said to be better than none and engaging in the walking-meeting by those who are stuck behind their desks or laptops for most of the day is a good starting point.
Many entrepreneurs like the late Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg and Jack Dorsey of Apple, Facebook and Twitter respectively have all been known to favour walking meetings. Also recently at a TED conference, Nilofer Merchant, a former technology executive extolled the benefits of walk-and-talk meetings. Research by fitness experts have also shown that the simple act of getting up from the work desk helps office employees think better.
Jack Groppel, vice president of Wellness & Prevention, a consulting group owned by Johnson & Johnson, advocates for a program which calls for standing up and walking around in the workplace for one or two minutes about every half hour, a process that he says would increase productivity.
Groppel says when workers start moving, it triggers a slight raise in heart rate for the first minute or two, meaning more oxygen is getting to the brain. In his words:
“What we did find in the studies that we did, after 90 days of doing this, people felt increased amounts of energy, they felt increased focus, they felt improved engagement,” he says.
“But the idea is not to take breaks from work. “What we’re saying is you can move and function while being productive,” Groppel says.
“However, for this concept to catch on, corporate leaders both internationally and locally will need to endorse the idea of routinely standing up to stretch during group meetings,” Groppel says. Leaders therefore have to be role models to their employees for this fad to really catch on.
Folks this can also be implemented on an individual level. Instead of sitting down to think, you can go for walks and do your thinking, the above benefits Groppel stated are yours as well. But note, this is not a substitute for the advocated daily amounts of physical activity needed to derive the full benefits of being active (Check https://dalawode.wordpress.com for more details on benefits of being physically active). “KEEP WALKING”~Johnnie Walker
“We were designed to move”~Anonymous
(Excerpts from CNN.com). First published on Ynaija Superblogger series

Posted from WordPress for BlackBerry.

Going Green: Try doing these green exercises

Green exercises refer to physical exercise undertaken in relatively natural environments. While physical exercise is well known to provide physical and psychological health benefits, there is also good evidence that viewing, being in, and interacting with natural environments has calming and positive mood effects. The combination of these two elements (exercise and nature) leads to the notion of green exercise.

People and animals tend to naturally participate in green exercise. However its potential role in physical and mental health attracted increased attention during the 2000s,particularly through the research work of Prof. Jules Pretty at the University of Essex and several funded programs. This concept has grown out of well established areas within environmental psychology which has tended to focus on the psychological and physical effects of viewing nature and well-recognised work about the psychological benefits of physical exercise.

The University of Essex (UK) recently started to quantify some of these health benefits. The research has involved a range of different types of natural therapies, contexts, activities; clients, motivations and needs, but all have shown positive health and wellbeing benefits. Findings report that many types of activities, irrespective of activity and duration (e.g. walking, cycling, horse-riding and fishing), lead to improvements in self-esteem and mood, by reducing feelings of anger, confusion, depression and tension. They also measured physical health benefits, such as reduced blood pressure, and saw how engaging group activities facilitates social networking and connectivity. For example, from a study of 1,252 people (of different ages, genders and mental health status) drawn from ten existing studies in the United Kingdom, the authors were able to show that activity in the presence of nature led to mental and physical health improvements. They analyzed activities such as walking, gardening, cycling, fishing, boating, horse-riding and farming. They found that the greatest health changes occurred in the young and the mentally-ill, although people of all ages and social groups all benefited. All natural environments were beneficial including parks in urban settings. Green areas with water added something extra as a blue and green environment seems even better for health (Hope you all now know why fountains are built in parks).

Examples of countries where green exercise takes place include:

England : where there is funding for eight demonstration green exercise projects through local regional partnerships. The main aim is to increase levels of physical activity and people’s connections to their local green spaces.

Scotland:  where Green Exercise Partnership between NHS Health Scotlandand Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and the Scottish Government is providing £3 million funding to the Paths for All Partnership between 2007 and 2010 to develop its Paths to Health Initiative, which currently supports over 20,000 people to take part in health walks each week. SNH and Government funding is also being provided to BTCV to extend their green gym project. Australia: through its Green Gym programs which is a type of green exercise. These generally involve organised groups which engage in volunteer environmental restoration work, but which are also specifically designed to provide physical exercise and physical conditioning in the context of experiencing natural environments. An example of such a green gym program is the one conducted through the Australian Conservation Foundation which are based on similar programs conducted byBritish Trust for Conservation Volunteers.

From these, I guess we can begin to appreciate why most of the state governments in Nigeria are now creating parks and making them look natural. This is to provide avenues for us to engage in our exercises e.g. jogging etc. Also, taking into cognizance the Nigerian context; we don’t have green gyms or the likes but we can participate in gardening and farming which are good green exercises which can be undertaken by everybody regardless of status. So it’s a win-win situation, we keep our environment green and also derive the health benefits of the exercises. But we as a people and the authorities can definitely do more, because going green affects every facet of our lives and our planet.

(Excerpts from A new study in the American Chemical Society’s semi-monthly journal Environmental Science & Technology). NB: First published on omojuwa.com

Having neck, back and joints pain at work? Start these Exercises and don’t give any ‘Exercuses’

One of my mentors (Ann Gates) loves to use the term ‘EXERCUSES’. Exercuses is not a real term but it simply means excuses for not exercising. These excuses are numerous, and a common one is; I am too busy with work to have the time for such frivolities. My dear, exercising can never ever be frivolous. It is a LIFE-SAVER! It has been proven to be effective in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as hypertension, obesity, mental health problems, musculoskeletal problems (Check my blog for more on Exercise as a medicine) and even the Bible in 1Tim 4:8 alludes to its importance to one’s health.

Before I digress further, this article is geared towards helping those who experience muscle and joint pains at their workplace. Many jobs especially the office types involve little movement nor repetitive motions. Neither of these sits well with your health and well being. Our body is designed to move, hence the niggling pain we experience in certain joints when we sit for long periods without stretching. In the next few paragraphs I will be talking about few exercises which can be performed on a daily basis to prevent our joints and muscles from becoming stiff, numb or painful while at the work-desk.
Neck pain: Working in front of a computer screen all day will lead to pain in the neck from time to time. One of the ways of combating this is to carry out regular neck stretches which can be done in your chair at work. Slowly bring your head down so that your chin touches your chest. Apply a small amount of pressure to the back of your head using your hands and hold this position for just shy of 30secs. This should be repeated several times a day. This same technique can also be used while moving your head in a sideways motion. Be careful not to apply too much pressure, just enough to stretch out the muscles in your neck.
Back pain: The number one cause of this in the workplace is bad posture leading to straining of the back muscles. To counteract this;
– You need to make sure that the chair you use at work supports your posture whilst sitting down. So CHANGE your chair NOW!

– Exercising of back muscles is of utmost importance. Make sure each morning/evening, you lie on your back and pull your knees up towards your chest. Hold your knees to your chest for about 30secs and repeat several times with one leg at a time. This allows the muscles in your back to de-stress.
3. Joint pain: If your work involves sitting for extended periods, you are likely to find your joints becoming painful, particularly in your legs. Ways to prevent or alleviate the pain is to take short breaks from work and walk around the office (not to go and gossip o!). You can also do what is called a range of motion (ROM) exercises while at home. This involves slowly moving the relevant part of the body through its entire range of motion…….for example extending and flexing of the knee while lying on your back….. ROM has been found to combat joint-related problems at the root thereby preventing them from occurring.
So, when your work does not provide you with the opportunity to be active, it is important you take the initiative during working hours as stated above, and also after working hours by joining a gym if you can afford to do so. Alternatively, walking briskly for 30minutes everyday around your neighbourhood is cheaper.
First published on @YNaija Y superblogger series
Twitter handle: @DAlawode

Posted from WordPress for BlackBerry.

Exergaming = Exercise + Video games

Want to be physically fit without leaving your home? Not a fan of the gym or jogging? But you love dancing and other indoor activities? Then exergaming might be your way out for a better body? Exergaming is a term used for video games that are also a form of exercise. Exergaming relies on technology that tracks body movement or reaction. The genre has been credited with upending the stereotype of gaming as a sedentary activity, and promoting an active lifestyle.
So, you get to play while also having a serious workout.
The trend is kicking the world of video game up a notch. It is the in thing in the developed world and among affluent kids in the developing world.
Exergames are seen as evolving from technology changes aimed at making video games more fun.
With kung fu, boxing, biking, and dance software, the goal of many of today’s popular video games is achieved by getting you off the couch and on the way to a pulse-pounding workout.If you’ve got a video game console like the Kinect for Xbox 360, PlayStationMove, or the Wii Fit – — you may be able to do just that.

The question is: do they work? Are they evidenced based?

The University of Calgary Exergaming Research Centre, the American Council on Exercise, and the University of Massachusetts Department of Exercise and Health Sciences all offer a qualified yes.

When used at intermediate or high intensity, exergaming can indeed improve fitness — though some exercise games make that easier than others. A moderate 3 mph walk burns about four calories a minute, or 120 calories per half hour. However, it is noteworthy that research indicates that exergames do not actually promote a more active lifestyle. But according to experts exergaming has the potential to be a safe and effective tool for maintaining or improving cardiovascular fitness,” if the right games and options are selected, says researchers at the American Council on Exercise.

Whether it’s boxing, biking, or dancing games, the conclusion on exergaming by those who should know — health and wellness professionals — is that: It sure beats sitting around. Get active today, physical inactivity kills slowly. (Excerpts from Wikipedia and Exercise,losing weight with exergaming by Wendy C Fries). I am @DAlawode on twitter. https://dalawode.wordpress.com

Posted from WordPress for BlackBerry.

EXERCISE AS A MEDICINE

Generic name: Regular, daily exercise

 

Uses: For the prevention and treatment of most non communicable diseases such as: heart disease, cancer, hypertension, stroke, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, mental health problems, parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, asthma, chronic obstructive airways disease, musculoskeletal problems and for over 100 different diseases that commonly present to family and hospital doctors and a wide variety of allied health professionals.

Precautions: Check with your doctor or health care provider if you have a long term health condition and/or are inactive. They will advise you on a safe and effective range of exercises for you to try and enjoy! If they refer you to an exercise class always make sure that the instructor is a member of a certified, internationally recognised body.

Directions for use: AT LEAST 30 minutes, 5 days a week, or 150mins of exercise a week if you’re an adult. If you’re a child or young person you can enjoy and share, with friends and family, several hours of physical activity throughout the day as regular planned sports or exercise or just adding extra bouts of increased physical activity into your day.

Aim to get slightly breathless, so that you can talk while doing the activity (this is good for both your heart, lungs and brain). Take with plenty of water, friends and family, and especially in favourable environments! Plan to enjoy regular exercise as part of your daily routine. Plan to ensure that your family and friends also enjoy regular exercise. You can break it up into short bouts of 10 minutes activity throughout the day to experience the same health benefits!

Start off slow, with 10 minutes of physical activities or exercise. Aim to increase both how long and how hard you exercise for as you start to feel fitter and healthier! ALWAYS warm up and cool down for at least 10-15 minutes. This helps you heart and lungs prepare to exercise and relax after exercise!  Check out our great ‘How to get started booklet.’ Walking is the best form of exercise: it’s generally free, requires little practice and is accessible to most people within their abilities.

If you feel at all unwell when exercising, then stop the activity and contact your doctor or health care provider according to your exercise or treatment plan.

Some important information about the ingredients: This product consists of 4 main ingredients: DAILY ‘healthy heart’ exercises, together with at least TWICE A WEEK strength, stretch (flexibility) and balance exercises. Combined on a regular basis these help you maintain a healthy body, reduce your risks of illness and infection, and significantly improve your overall health, wellbeing and quality of life, whatever your circumstances!

KEEP THIS MEDICINE WELL IN REACH AND ACCESSIBLE TO BOTH CHILDREN, ADULTS AND ESPECIALLY GRAN AND GRAMPS! KEEP IN SIGHT OF CHILDREN as this helps set a good example of a healthy lifestyle and improves their overall life chances.

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: Some amazing natural hormones and chemicals that help the body stay healthy such as endorphins (the body’s natural feel good chemical) and naturally produced chemicals that reduce your cholesterol, blood pressure, and the inflammation that causes many diseases. It also significantly helps you maintain your bone, muscle, heart and brain health.

Also contains: An ability to significantly improve your self esteem, to feel more mobile, independent and enjoy daily life. Significant amounts of wanting to share the health benefits of exercise with your friends and family. So help get the message out that Exercise Works! for many long term health problems!

Manufacturer: You, your family and friends! Regular exercise advice and support only works if you are able to make it a daily and routine part of your life.

Side effect profile:

35-40% reduction in risk of a heart related event such as a heart attack

50% reduction in breast cancer death

50% reduction in bowel cancer death

42% reduction in diabetes related death

42% reduction in risk of developing diabetes

A significant reduction in blood pressure: about 7mmHg systolic and nearly 6mmHg diastolic

Reduction in risk of falls and maintenance of bone health in men and post menopausal women

And generally happier, healthier patients!

Batch number: Delivered in homes, gyms, community centres, parks, outdoors, indoors, hospitals, health clinics, GP and MD surgeries… globally by passionate health and fitness professionals with the skills and motivation to help you achieve your health goals!

Expiry date: ‘From cradle to grave’: A lifelong commitment to helping you enjoy the best of health and abilities to access all life opportunities whatever your disease condition.

WOULDN’T YOU WANT TO TAKE THIS MEDICINE FOR YOU AND YOUR FAMILY AND FRIENDS?

WOULDN’T YOU WANT ALL OF YOUR PATIENTS TO TAKE SOME OF THIS MEDICINE REGULARLY, AS PART OF THEIR HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT PLAN? (Culled from http://www.exercise-works.org). Follow me on twitter @DAlawode

Posted from WordPress for BlackBerry.

SEXERCISE

SEXERCISE?
Yes, I did not make it up. It’s been around for a while now, years in fact. It is defined as the performance of sexual activity as a means of promoting health and fitness. Wow! It fits brilliantly into the aim of this blog. Let’s go further. Sexual exercises are done:
When preparing for sexual activity; it is designed to tone, build and strengthen muscles
During sexual foreplay
During the sexual act
Health benefits of sexercising include physical fitness, promoting weight loss and promoting cardiac health etc. These claims are endorsed by the National Health Service (NHS) of the United Kingdom. Here is what the NHS Direct website said in 2006 “ a workout between the sheets is advised for those struggling to schedule a fitness routine into their daily lives. Sexercise can lower the risk of heart attacks and helps people live longer”. The President of the American Academy of Clinical Sexologist in 2004 also advocated for its use. People, both formal and informal studies have shown that intimacy is a factor in prolonging lifespan and frequent sex no doubt improves intimate relationships……. Catch my drift? The ball is in your court folks. Almost all muscles in the body are worked upon during a sexual interaction, therefore to derive the health benefits from sexual positions you need to prolong sexual activity right from foreplay to the climax state (maybe 15 minutes for a good session). Sex helps in burning a lot of calories, some say between 200-300 calories per a good session. Different sexual positions in which partners participate as per their comfort level leads to a fit body. A few complex positions that require more of physical strength and involve more work lead to weight-loss and exercising of muscles. Kindly note that intensity of movements and duration of the sex are extremely important in achieving these physical health benefits!
Below are 2 lovemaking positions that are also great workout routines! (Culled from the Times of India) :
Missionary position: The act involves weight balancing hence it has a number of physical benefits. This position is all about stretching, arching the back and tightening. While the male is on top, the female laying on her back can also stretch her back, arch and tighten her abs. The partner on top gets more involved in the physical activity, a lot of pressure is borne by his arms and shoulders. Besides, elbows and knees are used to the maximum while balancing in this position; hence it stretches the muscles in these body parts. In addition the thigh muscles are also worked upon as the male partner is almost on his knees during the act.

Woman on top: Having a female partner taking the lead is a very good exercise. It allows both partners to enjoy an equal participation, where the woman uses her hands and arms to prop up and down, while the male is holding the woman thus balancing her body weight and at the same time her weight is also borne by the male. This is more of an exercise for the men, where they use their biceps muscles to hold the female. For the female too, just to maintain the position for a longer duration, she is stretching her biceps, triceps, forearms and chest muscles to the fullest.
Don’t get it twisted, I am not promoting sexual promiscuity in this writeiup, but fitness and health as well as giving my 2 kobo helping married folks and dedicated couples to be fit physically. Does it seem similar to Dame_Valuta’s and Gbemisoke’s writings and tweets? Nah! No way near those good tweeps on twitter who promote good and quality sex lives between married and dedicated couples. I just love fun and practical activities.
Get physically fit guys, the journey starts with a single step. Take it today!
I am @DAlawode
NB: WORD OF CAUTION PEOPLE, SEE YOUR PHYSICIAN BEFORE ATTEMPTING ANY ACTIVITY THAT APPEARS EXHAUSTING FOR YOU!

Posted from WordPress for BlackBerry.

WELCOME!

WELCOME TO MY BLOG
Physical fitness and exercise promotion is the aim. Expect to read practical and interesting articles about local and international contents that are evidenced based.
Read, understand and practice them if you can.
Enjoy the experience folks!

Posted from WordPress for BlackBerry.

Physical Inactivity in Nigeria- A short analysis

I usually ask my patients:  are you physically active?

The response I receive the most is: I don’t have time to exercise doctor.

Shocked? Don’t be.

It is a common misconception among the general populace, doctors inclusive, that physical activity and exercise are synonymous. A brief informal survey in my work place also alluded to the fact that clinicians are culpable of not being able to distinguish between the two. Physical inactivity worldwide is estimated to cause about 10-16% of cases each of diabetes, breast and colon cancers as well as 22% of ischemic heart disease. It is also estimated to cause 2 million deaths annually. Also, overwhelming evidence demonstrates that physical inactivity increases an individual’s risk for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), as well as being responsible for about 60% of global deaths.

Physical inactivity worldwide is estimated to cause about 10-16% of cases each of diabetes, breast and colon cancers as well as 22% of ischemic heart disease. It is also estimated to cause 2 million deaths annually.

Statistical data shows that between 25-57% of all Nigerians are physically inactive. The national demographic and health survey 2003 data further said 21% of women in Nigeria were overweight (having a body mass index of > 25). Additionally, two separate studies among young adults (15-49 years) showed 38% and 41% prevalence of physically inactivity. The Nigeria demographic and health survey data of 2008 (A publication of the National Population Commission and Measure DHS, 2009 ) shows the country has a population of 150 million people, of which 48 million are young adults.

One may expect that these figures serve as an impetus for the authorities to accord greater priority to the promotion of physical activity. But this has not been the case. Nigeria still lacks official data on the economic and human cost of physical inactivity, and therefore does not ‘know’ the magnitude of this “disease” and its sequel (non communicable diseases or NCDs) on the Nigerian people. However, one may assume that with figures quoted from the studies above, physical inactivity portends enormous losses to the country in terms of both the human (morbidity and mortality) and financial costs. For example in California, USA the medical cost attributed to physical inactivity in the year 2005 was estimated at US$ 29 billion. The WHO further underscored the importance of the human cost of NCDs as well as physical activity at its 65th World Health Assembly when it adopted a declaration aiming to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by 25% by the year 2025 in all countries. Among the measures to achieve it was the promotion of physical activity.In Nigeria, government policies (e.g., policies that might influence health) can arise at three levels. There is the Federal Government, state governments, and local governments. Local governments tend to follow the policy laid down by state governments. Though there is a national health promotion draft policy, there is no legislation compelling the Federal Government to reduce or combat the scourge of NCDs through promotion of physical activity. Unfortunately, Nigeria does not have a goal of reducing physical inactivity by 10% as the government of Canada did for year 2003 or the Healthy People 2020 policy (a 10-year health agenda released by the US Department of Health and Human services in 2010), which identifies physical activity as a leading health indicator.

However, the FG through the National Sports Commission (NSC) set up a body known as the Nigeria Academicals Sports Committee (NASCOM) headed by a former Nigerian soccer star to collaborate with both state and local governments in promoting an initiative on physical activities in secondary schools (read more here). The initiative started with soccer, and it has been extended to 4 other sports (tennis, table tennis, basketball and swimming); athletics will start later in the year. The schools are required to train teams that would represent them in inter-school competitions from the local to the states up to the national level, thereby maintaining and promoting a culture of physical activity among the students. This is a good initiative that should be built upon by all levels of government as well as the private sector so as to sustain its impact.

 

The “Walk and Live” program

A state government in the southwest part of the country (The state of Osun) organizes what they call the “Walk and live” program. It is a once a month city walk similar to what takes place in the city of Mombasa, Kenya. It is an attempt to keep citizens of the state fit. Although this initiative can be improved, it has brought the importance of physical fitness to the forefront of more people. This should be applauded, but the message on the importance of having at least 30 minutes of physical activity everyday should be made known to all through different channels and utilising the best methods of public health education and support. This state has also made it mandatory for physical education to be taught in elementary schools, hoping it would make children enjoy the culture of daily participation in physical activities from an early age. This is a commendable policy which other states should look to implement.

The Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria regulates undergraduate medical education and, regrettably, physical activity does not feature within the undergraduate curriculum (in related news, stay tuned for the new BJSM undergraduate blog series). This is a fundamental flaw which should be rectified as patients deserve evidence based professional practice. However this is hampered in Nigeria due to the lack of training in physical activity promotion and behaviour change unlike countries such as USA, Canada and South Africa where sports and exercise medicine specialists use exercise and tailored physical activity to treat and prevent chronic diseases.

 

The ideal medical curriculum

This can be remedied if the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN) as the regulating authority for training doctors ensures that:

A review of the medical curricular requirements to include emphasis and guidance for physical activity education.

Refresher courses are offered on the significance and management of NCDs and reduction of physical inactivity. These two recommendations are crucial because a majority of the 32% of private facilities registered with the federal ministry of health are primary health care facilities; if we add this number to the public primary healthcare facilities and we have a very significant pool of healthcare facilities that are the first point of patient contact with probably being staffed by doctors who may not be up to date with managing physical inactivity induced illnesses.

We advocate for setting up a body (like the US National Society for Practitioners of Physical Activity and Public Health and the American College of Sports Medicine) to develop specialists in physical activity and public health. This will ensure that there is a practitioner workforce as well as academic trainers to ensure that in future, the medical curriculum includes physical activity promotion (more info here). This model is presently being used in the United States and may also be put in place in Nigeria. This involves training in competencies areas such as use of data and scientific information; planning and evaluation; intervention; organisational structure; and exercise science in public health.

Graduate training should also be created to guide the next generation of researchers in this field. Global capacity in exercise science, physical education, physical therapy, public health, architecture and planning, and environmental health should be increased. There is an urgent need for integration and comprehensive approaches to public health and physical activity.

Also more research into programmes that will increase physical activity and reduce physical inactivity are needed to help to build evidence base for our national policies and action plans.

 

Next steps – Olympic Legacy?

In conclusion, following the poor performance of Nigeria’s team at the 2012 London Olympics, the Federal Government has ordered a comprehensive re-organisation of the sports sector. I hope this will also have a positive effect on promotion of physical activity in the country and its people.

It will also be of immense national benefit if the appropriate authorities, private organisations and individuals take steps to implement a “Call to action” message. These key actions, namely reducing inactivity and sedentary behaviour, enabling patients and the public to access regular physical activity and exercise as part of an integral part of their daily lives, are necessary to advance global health through physical activities and is something that Nigeria can deliver.

 

*********************************************************************************

Damilola  A. Alawode (MBChB ile-ife) is a Public Health resident in the Department of Community Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria, a Msc Student (Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Bath, United Kingdom), an advocate for the promotion of physical activities and a blog writer on Sports and Exercise medicine for Naijamedics.com.

Twitter: @DAlawode  

Email:  dalawode2002@yahoo.com
Blog: http://www.dalawode.wordpress.com
Acknowledgements

Ann Gates (www.exercise-works.org); A source of inspiration and motivation; and for sharing her resources.

Dr. Dayo Osholowu (IOC certified Sport Medicine Clinician and Director Sport Medicine Program, Lagoon Hospital Lagos state, Nigeria); for his advice and contribution to the piece.

Dr. Stathi Afroditi (Director of Sudies SEM, University of Bath United Kingdom); for her comments on an earlier draft of this report.

(First published in the British Journal of Sport Medicine website http://blogs.bmj.com/bjsm/2012/09/2… and then in Omojuwa.com http://t.co/OoYUI0gc

Posted from WordPress for BlackBerry.